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The Bishopric of Cammin (also Kammin, Kamień Pomorski) was both a former Roman Catholic diocese in the Duchy of Pomerania from 1140 to 1544,〔(Diocese of Cammin, Germany )〕 and a secular territory (Prince-Bishopric) in the Kolberg (Kołobrzeg) area from 1248 to 1650. The diocese comprised the areas controlled by the House of Pomerania in the 12th century, thus differing from the later territory of the Duchy of Pomerania by the exclusion of the Principality of Rügen and inclusion of Circipania, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and the northern Uckermark and New March. The diocese was rooted in the Conversion of Pomerania by Otto of Bamberg in 1124 and 1128, and was dissolved during the Protestant Reformation, when the Pomeranian nobility adopted Lutheranism in 1534 and the last pre-reformatory bishop died in 1544. The Catholic diocese was succeeded by the Pomeranian Evangelical Church. The secular territory of the former diocese continued to exist as a prince-bishopric and principality within the Duchy of Pomerania, and was dissolved in 1650 when it fell to Brandenburg-Prussia, becoming part of Brandenburgian Pomerania. The area of the former principality was administered as ''Fürstenthum county'' within the Prussian Province of Pomerania until its division in 1872. ==History== After Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland had conquered Pomerania until 1121/22, Saint Otto of Bamberg between 1124 and 1128 Christianised the area.〔Norman Davies, ''God's Playground: A History of Poland : in Two Volumes'' (2005 edition), p. 69.〕 Otto's first mission in 1124 followed a failed mission by eremite Bernard in 1122, and was initiated by Bolesław with the approval of both Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor, and Pope Callixtus II.〔Jan M Piskorski, ''Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten'', 1999, pp. 36–37, ISBN 83-906184-8-6 〕 Otto's second mission in 1128 was initiated by Lothair after a pagan reaction.〔Jan M Piskorski, ''Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten'', 1999, p. 40, ISBN 83-906184-8-6 〕 Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania supported and aided both missions.〔Jan M Piskorski, ''Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten'', 1999, pp. 38 and 40, ISBN 83-906184-8-6 〕 Between the missions, he had expanded his duchy westward, up to Güstrow.〔Jan M Piskorski, ''Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten'', 1999, p. 41, ISBN 83-906184-8-6 〕 These former Lutician areas were not subject to Polish overlordship, but claimed by the Holy Roman Empire.〔Kyra Inachim, ''Die Geschichte Pommerns'', Rostock: Hinstorff, 2008, p. 17, ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2〕〔Norbert Buske, ''Pommern'', Schwerin: Helms, 1997, p. 11, ISBN 3-931185-07-9〕 Otto during his lifetime did not succeed in founding a diocese, caused by a conflict of the archbishops of Magdeburg and Gniezno about ecclesiastical hegemony in the area.〔Jan M Piskorski, ''Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten'', 1999, p. 47, ISBN 83-906184-8-6 : "...gelang es ihm nicht, ein pommersches Bistum ins Leben zu rufen – vermutlich eine Folge der Kompetenzstreitigkeiten zwischen den Erzbistümern Gnesen und Magdeburg."〕〔Kyra Inachim, ''Die Geschichte Pommerns'', Rostock: Hinstorff, 2008, p. 15, ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2: "Zunächst waren die kirchlichen Verhältnisse noch ungeordnet, da sowohl Gnesen als auch Magdeburg Ansprüche auf die neue Kirchenprovinz erhoben. Erst nach dem Tod des Pommernapostels Otto von Bamberg (1139) bestätigte Papst Innozenz II. 1140 das pommersche Landesbistum und unterstellte die ''Pomeraniae ecclesia'' dem Schutz des Heiligen Petrus. Es entstand ein unabhängiges pommersches Bistum mit Sitz in Wollin (Jumne)."〕〔Norbert Buske, ''Pommern'', Schwerin: Helms, 1997, p. 14, ISBN 3-931185-07-9: "...erhoben sowohl das Erzbistum Gnesen () als auch das Erzbistum Magdeburg () Ansprüche auf das pommersche Gebiet. Die pommersche Kirche blieb deshalb zunächst unter der unmittelbaren Aufsicht von Bamberg."〕〔André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Michael Lapidge, ''Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages'', p. 1061., Routledge, 2000, ISBN 1-57958-282-6 ()〕 Otto died in 1139.〔 Pope Innocent II founded the diocese by a papal bull of 14 October 1140, and made the church of St. Adalbert at (Julin (Wollin/Wolin) on Wollin/Wolin island the see of the diocese.〔〔(PEK History (German) ) (PEK History (Polish) )〕〔Norbert Buske, ''Pommern'', Schwerin: Helms, 1997, p. 14, ISBN 3-931185-07-9〕〔Jan M Piskorski, ''Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten'', 1999, p. 47, ISBN 83-906184-8-6 〕 In the bull, the new diocese was placed "under the protection of the see of the Holy Peter", thwarting ambitions of the archbishops of Magdeburg and Gniezno, who both wanted to incorporate the new diocese as suffragan into their archdioceses.〔〔 Adalbert, a former chaplain of Saint Otto who had participated in Otto's mission as an interpreter and assistant, was consecrated bishop at Rome.〔〔Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p. 29, ISBN 3-88680-272-8〕 Adalbert and Ratibor I founded Stolpe Abbey at the side of Wartislaw I's assassination by a pagan in 1153, the first monastery in Pomerania. The bishops held the title of ''Pomeranorum'' or ''Pomeranorum et Leuticorum episcopus'', referring to the tribal territories of the Pomeranians and Luticians merged in the Duchy of Pomerania.〔Wolfgang Wilhelminus et al., ''Pommern: Geschichte, Kultur, Wissenschaft'', University of Greifswald, 1990, p. 57〕 In the late 12th century the territory of the Griffin dukes was raided several times by Saxon troops of Henry the Lion and Danish forces under King Valdemar I. The initial see of in Wollin was moved to Grobe Abbey on the island of Usedom after 1150.〔Norbert Buske, ''Pommern'', Schwerin: Helms, 1997, p. 14-15, ISBN 3-931185-07-9〕〔 At the same time Wollin economically decayed and was devastated by Danish expeditions, which contributed to the move to Grobe.〔Jan M Piskorski, ''Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten'', 1999, p. 48, ISBN 83-906184-8-6 〕 The see was again moved to Cammin, now Kamień Pomorski, in 1175,〔〔〔Kyra Inachim, ''Die Geschichte Pommerns'', Rostock: Hinstorff, 2008, p. 16, ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2〕 where a chapter was founded for the Cathedral of ''St. John the Baptist''.〔〔(''Catholic Encyclopedia'', article "Pomerania" )〕 All this time, the question of subordinance of the Pomeranian diocese as suffragan to an archdiocese remained unsolved.〔Jan M Piskorski, ''Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten'', 1999, p. 48, ISBN 83-906184-8-6 : "Die Zugehörigkeit des pommerschen Bistums zu einer Erzdiozese blieb anscheinend weiter unentschieden."〕 Since 1188, when the pope accepted the move of the see, the bishopric was referred to as "Roman Catholic Diocese of Cammin", while before it was addressed as ''Pomeranensis ecclesia'',〔 Pomeranian diocese.〔Norbert Buske, ''Pommern'', Schwerin: Helms, 1997, p. 15, ISBN 3-931185-07-9〕 The pope furthermore placed the bishopric as an exempt diocese directly under the Holy See.〔Jan M Piskorski, ''Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten'', 1999, p. 49, ISBN 83-906184-8-6 : "Schließlich entschied der Pabst die Frage der Zugehörigkeit und unterstellte das Bistum Cammin – sicherlich mit Zustimmung des pommerschen Klerus – direkt Rom."〕〔Kyra T. Inachin, ''Die Geschichte Pommerns'', Rostock: Hinstorff, 2008, p. 16, ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2: "1188 wurde schließlich Pommern als exemptes Bistum unmittelbar der römischen Kirche unterstellt und genoß damit eine außergewöhnliche rechtliche Selbstständigkeit. Damit waren die konkurrierenden Ansprüche der Erzbistümer Gnesen und Magdeburg beseitigt.〕〔Norbert Buske, ''Pommern'', Schwerin: Helms, 1997, p. 15, ISBN 3-931185-07-9: "Als 1188 die feierliche päpstliche Anerkennung der Verlegung des Bischofssitzes erfolgte, wurde die exempte Stellung des Bistums, die sich inzwischen herausgebildet hatte, bestätigt. Das in der Folgezeit als Bistum Kammin bezeichnete pommersche Bistum war damit unmittelbar dem Papst unterstellt und unabhängig gegenüber den benachbarten Erzbistümern. Es war ihnen unter diesem Gesichtspunkt etwa gleichgestellt."〕 Since 1208, the bishops held the title ''Caminensis episcopus''. The area of the diocese resembled the area controlled by Wartislaw I and his brother and successor, Ratibor I.〔 The northern border was defined by the coastline and the border with the Principality of Rügen (Ryck river).〔 In the West, the diocese included Circipania up to Güstrow.〔 In the Southwest, the border of the diocese ran south to a line Güstrow-Ivenack-Altentreptow in a near straight West-East orientation, then took a sharp southward turn west of Ueckermünde to include Prenzlau.〔 The border then turned east to meet the Oder river south of Gartz and followed the Oder to the Warta (Warthe) confluence to include Zehden.〔 In the South, the diocese border ran immediately north of the Warthe to include Landsberg and Soldin.〔 The southeastern border left the Warthe area with a sharp turn running straight north to Dramburg, then turned eastwards south of the town to include Tempelburg.〔 Then, after a southeast turn, it turned northeast towards Bütow.〔 The eastern border ran east of Bütow and west of Lauenburg in Pomerania to meet the seacost east of Revekol.〔Jan M Piskorski citing Hermann Hoogeweg, ''Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten'', 1999, p. 98, ISBN 83-906184-8-6 〕 When Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa deposed Henry the Lion in 1180 he granted Pomerania under Bogislaw I the status of an Imperial duchy, but from 1185 it was a Danish fief until the 1227 Battle of Bornhöved. In 1248, the Cammin bishops and the Pomeranian dukes had interchanged the ''terrae'' Stargard and Kolberg, leaving the bishops in charge of the latter.〔 In the following, the bishops extended their secular reign which soon comprised the Kolberg (now Kołobrzeg), Köslin (also Cöslin, now Koszalin) and Bublitz (now Bobolice) areas.〔Norbert Buske, ''Pommern'', Schwerin: Helms, 1997, p. 16, ISBN 3-931185-07-9〕 When in 1276 they became the sovereign of the town of Kolberg also, they moved their residence there.〔 Bishop Hermann von Gleichen founded the towns of Köslin (Koszalin) in 1266 and Massow (Maszewo) in 1278. The administration of the episcopal secular state was done from Köslin.〔 The bishops at multiple occasions tried to exclude their secular reign from ducal overlordship by applying for Imperial immediacy (''Reichsunmittelbarkeit'').〔 The Pomeranian dukes successfully forestalled these ambitions,〔 and immediacy was granted only temporarily in 1345.〔 The addition of profane territory would be the basis for later turning the status of the diocese into a prince-bishopric. The episcopal territory of secular reign remained a subfief of ducal Pomerania, and did not become an immediately imperial fief. The Protestant Reformation reached Pomerania in the early 16th century, mostly starting from the cities, and Lutheranism was made the Duchy of Pomerania's religion in 1534 by the diet of Treptow upo Rega (Trzebiatów). The Pomeranian reformator Johannes Bugenhagen, appointed bishop of Cammin by 1544, did not assume the office, the cathedral chapter elected instead Bartholomaeus Swawe, the former chancellor of Duke Barnim XI of Pomerania-Stettin, who promptly renounced Cammin's imperial immediacy. From 1556 on the Griffin dukes held also the office of a titular bishop ruling in Cammin's secular territory. In 1650 the last bishop Ernst Bogislaw von Croÿ resigned and the diocese was secularised. With Farther Pomerania it fell to Brandenburg-Prussia forming its Province of Pomerania. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bishopric of Cammin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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